Following The [REAL] Science: COVID-19 Treatment Analysis - Scientific Studies Compilation
SCIENCE requires QUESTIONING and TESTING.
Trusting science, without questioning it...
IS NOT SCIENCE.
The world does not exist in a 'black or white' manner and most of the time, things do fall into the 'gray' area.
Medical science is dynamic and evidence development is constantly in a continuous 'work-in-progress' mode. If a supplement has been shown to work in a small study, would you wait for a bigger study or should you just take it after considering the benefit and risk ratio; especially if the supplement is actually a nutrient that your body needs?
Do your own research and the final decision should be yours (after a consultation with your trusted medical professional of course).
This guide is based on various references to scientific literature and hopefully, can help you make sense of the options and to separate the facts from fiction.
As of January 2022, there are more than 70 types of supplements that are being tested for COVID-19. You can review the details of these trials on www.clinicaltrials.gov.
The medical community themselves are battling over supplements on whether they should be used to treat and prevent COVID-19. On one side, are experts telling you that supplements don't work, and you should avoid them and just rely on wholesome foods. On the other, are experts telling you to take all kinds of supplements that will help protect you against COVID-19. Do they actually work? How do you deal with different expert groups dishing out conflicting guides? A common issue is that certain groups have pre-defined narratives that they would like to support. Therefore, only studies that support that pre-defined narrative are picked and cited as references. This is what we call as 'cherry-picking'. Cherry picking will naturally lead to a 'biased' decision. In order to avoid that, scientific information needs to be analyzed in a comprehensive, updated, and non-biased manner in order to come up with the best 'evidence-based' decision.
Based on clinical, proteomic, and genomic studies as well as autopsy data, severe COVID-19 disease can be considered to be the connection of three basic pathologic processes, namely a pulmonary macrophage activation syndrome with excess production of cytokines and chemokines and uncontrolled inflammation, a complement mediated endothelialitis together with a procoagulant state with a thrombotic microangiopathy. In addition, platelet activation with the release of serotonin and the activation and degranulation of mast cells contributes to the hyper-inflammatory state. Autoantibodies have been demonstrated in a large number of hospitalized patients which adds to the end-organ damage and prothrombotic state. However, activated M1 macrophages appear to be the major driver of severe COVID-19 infection. Similarly, recent data suggests that the Long Haul Covid Syndrome (LHCS) results due to increased circulating levels of activated monocytes with ongoing cytokine production. Interestingly, these monocytes contain high levels of the spike protein. Both activated macrophages and activated monocytes express the same surface activation markers (CD14+, CD16+). This suggests that treatment aimed at repolarizing the macrophage/monocyte should have an important adjunctive role in the treatment of both acute COVID and the LHCS. Those interventions that have been demonstrated to repolarize macrophages/monocytes (from M1 to M2 phenotype) are listed below.
Timeline Of Symptoms & Evolution Of The Virus
What The Science Is REALLY Telling Us About The Current Treatments:
[***Data above was compiled from Tables 1-4 below. Source of Data & Tables: COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 1,324 studies (c19early.com)]
The [REAL] SCIENCE is telling us that natural remedies work just as well… or better... than pHARMaceutical drugs when treating Covid-19!!!
Source Of Data Illustrated Above (Table was created on 1/22/2022): c19early.com/#fpall
Artemesia Annua (Sweet Wormwood) = Ivermectin Alternative
Artemisia is a large plant family with numerous varieties, all of which have exceptional healing properties. We are going to focus on artemisia annua, also known as Sweet Annie or Sweet Wormwood. This is not to be confused with artemisia absinthia, also known as Wormwood. High in antioxidants, artemisia annua is a potent immune system fortifier and has a long record of reducing fevers and other ailments. It has been proven around the world to be an effective treatment for malaria and the first SARS corona virus. Artemisia annua so effectively reduces inflammation, that it can keep our bodies from producing an over abundance of defensive cytokines, avoiding potentially life-threatening "cytokine storms." In Traditional Chinese Medicine, artemisia is known as Quing Hao and has been used specifically to treat fevers. Africa, too, has millennia of history using artemisia annua as a powerful anti-malarial folk remedy. It is also used to treat the deadly African Sleeping Sickness.
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AntiBacterial
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AntiHelmentic
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AntiRheumatic
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AntiMalarial
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AntiPyretic
• Alleviates menstrual disorders
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Hepatitis Rx
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Cancer Fighting
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Cardio-Protective
• Diueretic
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Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin Seed Oil)
Nigella Sativa (black cumin) and honey. Both honey and Nigella Sativa have anti-viral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects with proven safety profiles. It should be noted that thymoquinone (the active ingredient of Nigella Sativa) decreases the absorption of cyclosporine and phenytoin. Patients taking these drugs should therefore avoid taking Nigella Sativa. Furthermore, two cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported in patients taking Nigella Sativa who underwent general anaesthesia (probable interaction with fentanyl). Nigella Sativa seeds have been used for over 2000 years for their aroma and flavor in cuisines as well as their reported health benefit properties. In fact, archaeologists found black seeds in King Tut's tomb and the Prophet Muhammad once touted black seed oil extract as a "cure for every disease except death". As more and more studies start to surface, it becomes quite apparent that this ancient seed from the Nigella sativa plant may have a profound impact on your health and wellbeing. Through the support of cognitive function, liver health, digestive health, and metabolic function; it is definitely making a case for quite a strong supplement for overall health. Research shows that antioxidants can have a powerful effect on health and disease In fact, some studies indicate that antioxidants may protect against several types of chronic conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Anecdotal research alone shows many users of Nigella Sativa reporting feelings of elevated mood, sleep support, less brain fog, feeling more present, healthy stress levels, and supporting cognitive performance.
• Immune Booster
• AntiOxidant
• Antilnflammatory
• AntiBacterial
• Lowers Cholesterol
• Stabilises Blood Sugar
• AntiHypertensive
• Cardio-Protective
• Analgesic
• Supports Gut Health
• Improves Memory AntiStress
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Quercetin = HCQ Alternative
What Is Quercetin?
Quercetin is an antioxidant that belongs to a class of water-soluble plant substances called 'flavonoids', which are present in certain fruits and vegetables. According to an article in Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, the bioavailability of quercetin absorbed by your body varies, depending on the source where you get it, as well as your individual body’s metabolism of it. Sugar and dietary fat and fiber also affect it.
• Dose: Quercetin 250 mg daily. Quercetin has direct virucidal properties against a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Quercetin is a potent inhibitor of inflammasome activation, which is believed to play a major role in the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 immune dysfunction. In addition, quercetin acts as a zinc ionophore. It is likely that vitamin C and quercetin have synergistic prophylactic benefit.
• Due to the possible drug interaction between quercetin and ivermectin these drugs should not be taken simultaneously (i.e. should be staggered morning and night).
• A mixed flavonoid supplement containing quercetin, green tea catechins, resveratrol, curcumin, rutin and anthocyanins (from berries) may be preferable to a quercetin supplement alone; this may further minimize the risk of quercetin related side effects. It should be noted that in vitro studies have demonstrated that quercetin and other flavonoids interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis at multiple steps in the synthetic pathway.
• The use of quercetin has rarely been associated with hypothyroidism. The clinical impact of this association may be limited to those individuals with pre-existent thyroid disease or those with subclinical thyroidism. In women, high consumption of soya was associated with elevated TSH concentrations. The effect on thyroid function may be dose dependent, hence for chronic prophylactic use we suggest that the lowest dose be taken. Quercetin should be used with caution in patients with hypothyroidism and TSH levels should be monitored. It should also be noted quercetin may have important drug-drug interactions; the most important drug-drug interaction is with cyclosporin and tacrolimus. In patients taking these drugs it is best to avoid quercetin; if quercetin is taken cyclosporin and tacrolimus levels must be closely monitored.
Quercetin, a natural anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-blood clot compound contained in abundance in various fruits and vegetables, is a zinc ionophore. The major benefit of taking quercetin with zinc is that the quercetin will push the zinc into the center of the cell where the zinc can stop the virus from reproducing. Additionally, Quercetin has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of coronaviruses by inhibiting cellular entry as well as inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines. One of the hallmarks of COVID-19 is an imbalanced immune response cascading to cytokine storms and then hyper inflammation which then can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Quercetin has been shown to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production as well as inflammation due to its antioxidant properties, amongst others. By inhibiting destructive inflammation and potentially the entire cascade, quercetin may prevent severe damage to the respiratory system amongst other organs.
Recent clinical trial data shows that the combination of Vitamin C and Quercetin provided strong preventative protection against COVID-19 infection of healthcare workers when compared to the control group. Specifically, 1.4% (1 out of 71 healthcare workers) of healthcare workers using Quercetin and Vitamin C combination were infected with COVID-19 vs. 21.4% (9 out of 42 healthcare workers) of healthcare workers in the control group were infected with COVID-19 (Total Subjects, n = 113).
Elderberry, red onions, white onions, cranberries and green tea are among the richest sources of dietary quercetin.
As of December 2021, there have been 6 published studies of quercetin against COVID-19. For the list of studies, check out c19quercetin.com.
For clinical trials, more than 10 studies have been launched to investigate the benefits of quercetin against COVID-19. Ultimately, the results of the above trials will offer more definitive evidence.
While the best way to get quercetin is through your diet, it also is available in supplement form, as pills or capsules. Sometimes, quercetin in supplement form is packaged with bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapples, because both have anti-inflammatory properties (Quercetin & Bromelain for inflammation). Most dietary supplements contain a chemical compound, aglycone, which is the free form of quercetin.
When looking for and using quercetin supplements, it’s important to maintain a nutritious, balanced diet with fiber and healthy fats in it, as research shows that accumulation of quercetin in the body is dependent on “factors such as glucose moieties, solubility, human factor, vitamin C status and food matrix.”
Specifically, research also says that quercetin supplementation is best achieved when consumed with a fat-enriched diet.
There are foods high in quercetin that you can add to your diet. Arguably, red onions are some of the most potent sources of quercetin; one study found that absorption of onion-derived quercetin was 52% compared to only 24% in supplement form. In fact, onions can give you three times the amount of quercetin than you’d get from apples. Other food sources that are high in quercetin include:
- Organically grown apples, grapes and tomatoes
- Dark cherries and dark berries like blueberries, blackberries and bilberries (eaten in moderation)
- Cocoa, unsweetened
- Hot green chili peppers
- Lingonberries
Quercetin has been linked to the following health benefits:
- Possessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties that can help combat certain diseases. One study found that 500 mg of quercetin a day could improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
- Helping prevent cancer cell growth from breast, colon, prostate, endometrial and lung.
- Counteracting allergic reactions and helping with immune responses.
- Helping to prevent osteoporosis.
- Addressing cognitive decline, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
- Assisting in control of blood pressure. A study in 2002 found that quercetin can have vasodilator effects.
- Potentially helping to lower blood sugar levels. One study found that dosages of 500 mg per day “significantly reduced” fasting glucose levels.
- There is evidence that quercetin and vitamin C co-administration exerts a synergistic antiviral action due to overlapping antiviral and immuno-modulatory properties and the capacity of ascorbate to recycle quercetin, increasing its efficacy.
Quercetin — A Natural Alternative to Hydroxychloroquine
Quercetin has been found to work like hydroxychloroquine, a drug found to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 when used early enough.
Quercetin is a flavonoid found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, such as onions and shallots, apples, broccoli, asparagus, green peppers, tomatoes, red leaf lettuce, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, cranberries, black currants and green tea.
The quercetin content in any given food is largely dependent on light exposure, though, so depending on the country you’re in, different foods will top the list of most quercetin-rich. General mechanisms of action of this nutrient include:
Antioxidant activity — Antioxidants help prevent oxidative damage from harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Quercetin acts as a free radical scavenger, and its activity can be further enhanced by vitamin C | Anti-inflammatory activity — This is in part responsible for quercetin’s cardiovascular benefits |
Inhibition of platelet aggregation | Anti-allergy activities (inhibits release of histamine and other allergic substances) |
Immunomodulation | Anticancer activity |
Antiviral activity — It’s been found to reduce replication of many viruses, including HIV, hepatitis C, enterovirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and SARS-CoV-2, by targeting the proteases in these viruses | Zinc ionophore — Quercetin helps zinc enter your cells. Zinc, in turn, has potent antiviral activity |
Quercetin Against SARS-CoV-2
Quercetin modulates NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune system component involved in the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines that occurs during a cytokine storm.
For example, quercetin has been shown to:
- Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 receptor docking.5,6,7 Computational modeling studies have shown quercetin can bind to the ACE2 receptor and the spike protein interface, thereby inhibiting the two from binding together. By preventing viral attachment, it helps prevent viral entry into the cell.
- “Although [a] computer modeled study,9 the evidence here suggests that quercetin’s binding activity to ACE2 is comparable to other standard of care drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2 (eg. Remdesivir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir).”
- Inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in macrophages. (TNF-α is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, secreted by activated macrophages, a type of immune cell that digests foreign substances, microbes and other harmful or damaged components.)
- Inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines and histamine by modulating calcium influx into the cell.
- Stabilize mast cells and regulate the basic functional properties of immune cells, thereby allowing it to inhibit “a huge panoply of molecular targets in the micromolar concentration range, either by down-regulating or suppressing many inflammatory pathways and functions.”
- Act as a zinc ionophore, i.e., a compound that shuttles zinc into your cells.13 This is one of the mechanisms that can account for the effectiveness seen with hydroxychloroquine, which is also a zinc ionophore.
Boost interferon response to viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, by inhibiting the expression of casein kinase II (CK2)14 — CK2 is an enzyme that is fundamental to controlling homeostasis at the cellular level. There is evidence that it down-regulates the ability a cell has to generate Type 1 interferon when attacked by a virus.
It does this by inhibiting retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I),15 which has protein sensors that signal genetic expression of type 1 interferon by identifying the replication of RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Quercetin inhibits the expression of CK2, which slows the replication of RNA viruses.
Interferons are a subset of cytokines discovered in 1957.17 These cells are often the initial defense against viruses. There are two types and three forms of interferon. Within Type 1 interferon, there are alpha and beta. Type 2 interferon has the gamma form.18
The different types are based on the function of the cytokine. Type 1 interferons help cells resist viruses. Type 2 aids in responding to infections and cancer growth. The name "interferon" came from the ability of Type 1 to interfere with the virus's ability to duplicate. A cell secretes interferons when a foreign substance, like a virus, is detected.
However, the interferon does not function by attacking the virus. Instead, it tells the infected cell and the cells that surround the infected cell to make proteins that stop viral replication. In a nutshell, quercetin stops CK2 from interfering with the action of Type 1 interferon so cells receive the signal to stop viral replication.
Modulate NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune system component involved in the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines that occurs during a cytokine storm.
Inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
Exert a direct antiviral activity against SARS-CoV20,21,22 — Quercetin’s general antiviral capacity has been attributed to three primary mechanisms of action:
1. Binding to the spike protein, thereby inhibiting its ability to infect host cells
2. Inhibiting replication of already infected cells
3. Reducing infected cells’ resistance to treatment with antiviral medication
Dose: 250 milligrams twice a day, in combination with 100 mg elemental zinc and 500 mg to 1,000 mg of vitamin C twice a day.
Quercetin in COVID-19 Medical Literature
One COVID-19-specific study found that people who took zinc and two zinc ionophores — quinine drops and quercetin — had lower incidence of COVID-19 than the control group. Over the course of the study (20 weeks), only two of the 53 test subjects became symptomatic, compared to 12 of the 60 controls. As noted by Modern Discontent:
“Although this didn’t test quercetin in isolation, the study does suggest that over-the-counter, easily accessible compounds may be extremely beneficial in fighting against COVID, especially when taken as a prophylactic.”
In another trial, 76 outpatients who tested positive but had only mild symptoms were given 1,000 mg of Quercetin Phytosome® (quercetin in sunflower phospholipids that increase oral absorption 20-fold) per day for 30 days, in addition to standard care (analgesics, oral steroids and antibiotics). Another 76 patients were given standard of care only.
In the quercetin group, only 9.2% of participants went on to require hospitalization, compared to 28.9% of patients who received standard of care only. According to the authors:
“The results revealed a reduction in frequency and length of hospitalization, in need of non-invasive oxygen therapy, in progression to intensive care units and in number of deaths.
The results also confirmed the very high safety profile of quercetin and suggested possible anti-fatigue and pro-appetite properties. QP [Quercetin Phytosome®] is a safe agent and in combination with standard care, when used in early stage of viral infection, could aid in improving the early symptoms and help in preventing the severity of COVID-19 disease.”
Quercetin was also featured in two scientific reviews published in 2020. The first, published in in the Integrative Medicine journal in May 2020, highlighted quercetin’s promotion of SIRT2, which inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome.
The second review article, published in the June 19, 2020, issue of Frontiers in Immunology, highlighted quercetin’s usefulness as a COVID-19 treatment when used in conjunction with vitamin C. The vitamin C recycles oxidized quercetin, producing a synergistic effect. It also enhances quercetin’s antiviral capacity.
Food as Medicine
With the advent of processed foods, many important nutrients have been lost or minimized in the average person’s diet. Quercetin, being found in fresh fruits, vegetables and berries is one of them. Unfortunately, while essential vitamins and minerals are generally recognized for their importance, antioxidants such as quercetin are often overlooked, and sometimes labeled as “pseudoscience” or “fad” supplements.
“The great number of benefits that these compounds contribute to humans cannot be overstated ... An argument can be made that not only could quercetin prove beneficial to our health, but an absence of it may prove detrimental in the long term.”
If COVID-19 has taught us anything... it’s the importance of basic health and a healthy immune function. In this regard, a diet high in fresh fruits and vegetables can go a long way. Nutritional supplements also have their place, especially in situations like a pandemic.
•“There’s evidence that quercetin may work similarly to hydroxychloroquine — It seems that quercetin may operate as both an immunomodulator and a zinc ionophore. Its use as an over-the-counter anti-allergic supplement as well as its use for asthma indicates an ability to affect the production of histamine and cytokines ...
•Quercetin has plenty of other benefits — ... Antioxidants ... are some of the most well studied compounds, with possible anti-cancer, pro-heart and pro-organ benefits. Add on possible antimicrobial properties and it becomes hard to argue that this is nothing more than a possible fad supplement.
•Although limited, there is some evidence that quercetin may be effective against SARS-CoV2 — Computer models and in vitro studies suggest that ACE2 receptors and the main protease of SARS-CoV2 may be good target candidates for quercetin ... the limited number of studies suggest quercetin may be effective, especially if used early on or as a prophylactic.
•Dietary quercetin is the main source of quercetin, and its deficiency in modern diets may be contributing to our health problems — Quercetin is primarily sourced from colorful fruits, vegetables, teas ... all foods that many of our ancestors would have consumed on a regular basis ... Modern ‘enriched’ foods tend to supplement with additional vitamins and minerals, but may miss out on other plant-derived compounds that have played a substantial role in our diet.
Similar to reduced sunlight exposure and the need for increased vitamin D supplementation, we may need to look at possible supplementation of overlooked compounds such as polyphenols. Sourcing these compounds from real foods would prove the most beneficial, but in groups of people who may not have access to fresh fruits and vegetables, quercetin and polyphenol supplementation may be useful.
This would include people with alternative diets such as keto, who may avoid high carb fruits, and thus may be missing a key nutrient in their diets.
Quercetin has plenty of benefits, and for those who may be missing out on it in their diet they may want to look into sourcing it with supplementation. Don’t take this as a prescription or recommendation, but an argument to examine your own health and see what you may be lacking ...”
Quercetin and COVID-19
Quercetin acts as a zinc ionophore (PubMed 2014), the same mechanism of action that hydroxychloroquine has via helping zinc pass the cell wall where it might halt viral replication.
Quercetin and Vitamin C
Incidentally, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the bioflavonoid quercetin (originally labeled vitamin P) were both discovered by the same scientist — Nobel prize winner Albert Szent-Györgyi. Quercetin and vitamin C also act as an antiviral drug, effectively inactivating viruses.
There is evidence that vitamin C and quercetin co-administration exerts a synergistic antiviral action due to overlapping antiviral and immunomodulatory properties and the capacity of ascorbate to recycle quercetin, increasing its efficacy.
Quercetin was initially found to provide broad-spectrum protection against SARS coronavirus in the aftermath of the SARS epidemic that broke out across 26 countries in 2003. Now, some doctors are advocating its use against COVID-19, in combination with Bromelain and vitamin C.
Quercetin helps zinc by acting as a zinc ionophore (PubMed 2014), the same mechanism of action that hydroxychloroquine has via helping zinc pass the cell wall where it might halt viral replication.
This zinc ionophore activity of quercetin facilitates the transport of zinc across the cell membrane. It is known that zinc will slow down the replication of coronavirus through inhibition of enzyme RNA polymerase (PubMed 2010).
For a zinc ionophore to be effective as a treatment or as an anti-viral, it needs to be given with zinc. There are many clinical studies that studied hydroxychloroquine as a monotherapy. Hydroxychloroquine is not as effective when given alone as compared to when given in combination with zinc.
COVID-19 is an RNA (RiboNucleicAcid) virus and requires the RNA polymerase to replicate. Do take note that the study publication was a 2010 publication and is referring to a different coronavirus as compared to the latest coronavirus (COVID-19); though both are from the same family of coronaviruses.
Quercetin works best when taken with vitamin C and Bromelain, as vitamin C helps activate it and bromelain helps with the absorption.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency
is common in the Middle East and some countries in Asia, Europe, and North
America. Less sun exposure, sunscreen use, increased body mass index
(BMI), less physical activity, and poor socioeconomic status predicts lower
serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
Vitamin D receptors are present on immune cells with this vitamin playing a critical role in both innate and adaptive host immunity.Vitamin D has numerous immunological properties that play a vital role in limiting the acquisition and severity of COVID-19. Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with an increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 and from dying from the disease.
Vitamin D supplementation is likely a highly effective and cheap intervention to lessen the impact of this disease, particularly in vulnerable populations, i.e., the elderly, those of color, obese and those living > 45o latitude. In addition, vitamin D supplementation may be important in pregnant patients.
It is likely that the greatest benefit from vitamin D supplementation will occur in vitamin D insufficient individuals who take vitamin D prophylactically; once vitamin D insufficient individuals develop COVID-19, the benefits will likely be significantly less. This concept is supported by a recent study that demonstrated that residents of a long-term care facility who took vitamin D supplementation had a much lower risk of dying from COVID-19.
The dosing recommendations for vitamin D supplementation vary widely. The OPTIMAL target vitamin D level is > 50 ng/ml; at this level the risk of dying from COVID-19 is extremely low. It may take many months/years to achieve optimal levels in a patient with a vitamin D level of < 12 ng/ml taking the standard recommended dose of 5000 IU /day. It is therefore EXTREMELY IMPORTANT to stress that the optimal regimen for Vitamin D supplementation for both the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 should be based on the baseline vitamin D level . The highest dose of commercial vitamin D3 is 50,000 IU capsules. Due to the availability, affordability, and better gastrointestinal absorption, we recommend using 50,000 IU D3 capsules for non-urgent, outpatients and community setups. Together, a number of these capsules can be taken as a bolus dose [i.e., single upfront doses such as 100,000 to 400,000 IU. However, the liver has a limited 25-hydroxylate capacity to convert vitamin D to 25(OH)D: thus, taking 50,000 IU capsules over a few days provides better bioavailability. Table 2 presents a safe and practical treatment schedule for raising blood 25(OH)D concentrations and tissue storage without adverse effects in non-urgent situations (modified from SJ Wimalawansa with permission). [104] The dosing schedule illustrated in Table 3 should be used when recent serum 25(OH)D concentration is unavailable (from SJ Wimalawansa with permission).
It is optional to measure blood concentrations two to four weeks after a course of vitamin D to assess whether the desired serum 25(OH)D concentrations are achieved. It is best to include both vitamin K2 and magnesium (250 -500 mg/day) when doses of vitamin D > 8000 IU/day are taken.
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Immune Booster
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Essential for good bone health
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Anti-inflammatory
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Anti-Hypertensive
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Cardio-Protective
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Improves Skin Health
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Balances sugar levels
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Hormone Regulation
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Mood Stabilizer
• Improves Memory
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Curcumin(Turmeric)
Curcumin (Turmeric) has antiviral activity against a number of viruses including SARSCoV-2. In addition, this spice has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune modulating properties. Emerging data suggests that curcumin improves the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. There are over 10,000 peer reviewed published articles that prove the benefits of turmeric - especially curcumin. Turmeric is arguablly the most powerful herb on the planet at fighting and possible reversing disease. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners have been prescribing turmeric and its extracts as part of holistic protocols for thousands of years. Studies show the use of turmeric greatly reduces instances of platelet aggregation and potentially reduces the risk of blood clots. Arguably, the most powerful aspect of curcumin is its ability to control inflammation as it contains several anti-inflammatory compounds. It has been used successfully for the treatment of arthritis, diabetes, scabies, acne scarring, IBS, high cholesterol, obesity, liver detox and is now being researched for pancreatic and prostate cancer.
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AntiCoagulant
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Antilnflammatory
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Analgesic
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AntiDepressant
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Skin Health
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AntiScarring
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AntiDiabetic
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AntiParasitic
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AntiBacterial
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AntiFungal
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Cardio protective
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Good gut health
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Vitamin C
Dose: Vitamin C 500 – 1000 mg BID (twice daily). Vitamin C has important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing properties, including increased synthesis of type I interferons.
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Zinc
Dose: Zinc 30–40 mg/day (elemental zinc).Zinc is essential for innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, zinc inhibits RNA dependent RNA polymerase in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Due to competitive binding with the same gut transporter, prolonged high dose zinc (> 50mg day) should be avoided, as this is associated with copper deficiency.
Commercial zinc supplements contain 7 to 80 mg of elemental zinc and are commonly formulated as zinc oxide or salts with acetate, gluconate, and sulfate. 220 mg zinc sulfate contains 50 mg elemental zinc.
Zinc and COVID-19
Technically, zinc is not a natural alternative for hydroxychloroquine. For the sake of completeness, we have included a section on zinc in this post. Zinc has been shown in a lab study to inhibit regular coronavirus (not the current SARS-CoV-2) in a 2010 publication.
As of December 2021, there are more than 40 studies that have been launched to investigate the benefits of Zinc against COVID-19. You can review the status of these trials on clinicaltrials.gov.
At the Cleveland
Clinic, researchers are enrolling people into a study to see if zinc or
vitamin C — or a combination of the two — can reduce the duration of COVID-19
symptoms. Patients will be given the supplements after they have tested
positive for COVID-19.
A study in Spain (Gonzalez, The Lancet preprint, Oct 2020) among people hospitalised with COVID-19 found that having very low blood levels of zinc was associated with more severe disease and higher mortality rates. This research has not been peer-reviewed, so it should be viewed with some caution.
Taking zinc long term is typically safe for healthy adults, as long as the daily dose is under the set upper limit of 40 mg of elemental zinc (PubMed).
Be aware that typical daily doses of zinc provided by zinc lozenges generally exceed tolerable upper limits for zinc, and for this reason, they should not be used for longer than about a week.
Excessive doses may interfere with copper absorption, which could negatively affect your immune system as it can cause copper deficiencies, blood disorders, impair the absorption of antibiotics and potentially permanent nerve damage or loss of smell.
The ideal dose for prevention while the COVID-19 risk is high is 40-100 mg/d, a portion of which comes from zinc lozenges to spread the zinc through the tissues of the nose, mouth and throat. It should be accompanied by at least 1 mg copper from food and supplements for every 15 mg zinc.
Foods that are high in zinc include oysters, crab, lobster, mussels, red meat, and poultry. Cereals are often fortified with zinc. Most multivitamin and nutritional supplements contain zinc.
Do take note that you should keep the dosage back to within 40 mg/d once the exposure risk is back to normal.
Editor's note: Hydroxychloroquine is a zinc ionophore. If increased intracellular Zn ion concentration is required to disrupt viral replication, perhaps using multiple zinc ionophores would increase that concentration thus decreasing viral replication further. Other OTC (over the counter) zinc ionophores include quercetin (QCT) and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG – green tea extract).
Does Zinc Ionophore
require a prescription?
Zinc ionophore supplements such as quercetin and green tea extract do not require a prescription and can be easily available at your nearest pharmacy and available online as well.
However, a zinc ionophore like hydroxychloroquine would require a prescription in the US.
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NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)
What is
N-acetylcysteine?
N-acetylcysteine
is a precursor of the amino acid cysteine, which bonds with two other amino
acids in the body—glutamate and glycine—to form the powerful antioxidant
glutathione.
Glutathione is
found in high concentrations in most cells of the body. It regulates a range of
cellular functions and immune responses. Glutathione neutralizes free radicals,
detoxifies harmful compounds, directly scavenges oxidative chemicals, and
targets the causes of oxidative stress. It also protects against oxidants by
recycling vitamin C and vitamin E.
Because glutathione is involved in so many cellular activities and processes—and because N-acetylcysteine can increase the production of glutathione—researchers have been studying N-acetylcysteine for use in a wide variety of medical conditions.
NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) is a precursor to glutathione. It is an antioxidant and increases glutathione levels in the body (source). NAC has mucolytic activity, so it helps reduce respiratory mucus levels. Laboratory research suggests that NAC might boost immune system function and suppress viral replication. NAC also decreases levels of interleukin-6 and has other anti-inflammatory effects.
NAC inhibits cellular entry and replication of some respiratory viruses, assists in clearing thickened mucous from the airways, suppresses inflammatory signaling, and may help mitigate viral infection-induced cytokine storm (source). NAC may also protect against coagulation problems associated with COVID-19, as it has both anticoagulant (source) and thrombolytic effects (source), meaning it may both prevent clots and break up clots that have already formed.
Dose: Consider taking around 500 milligrams/day of NAC, as it helps prevent blood clots and is a precursor for your body to produce the important antioxidant glutathione.
Glutathione is also one of the natural blood thinners as it is known to reverse the build-up of plaque and lessen the tendency of abnormal blood clots.
As of December 2021, there have been more than 15 published studies of NAC against COVID-19. For the list of studies, check out c19nac and 19 studies involving NAC for COVID-19 are listed on Clinicaltrials.gov.
NAC and COVID-19: Liver Supplement
Crucial Role in Preventing and Treating COVID-19
N-acetylcysteine
(NAC) is a precursor to reduced glutathione, which appears to play a crucial
role in COVID-19. According to an April 2020 literature
analysis, glutathione deficiency may be associated with COVID-19
severity, leading the author to conclude that NAC may be useful both for its
prevention and treatment
NAC has a long
history of use as a first-aid remedy for acetaminophen poisoning. It
neutralizes the toxic effects of the drug by recharging glutathione, thereby
preventing liver damage. But the idea that NAC can also be helpful against
viral infections is not new. Previous studies, have found it reduces
viral replication of certain viruses, including the influenza virus.
In one such study, the number needed to treat (NNT) was 0.5, which means for every two people treated with NAC, one will be protected against symptomatic influenza. That’s significantly better than influenza vaccines, which have an NNV (number needed to vaccinate) of 71, meaning 71 people must be vaccinated to prevent a single case of confirmed influenza. It's even better than vitamin D, which has an NNT of 33.
G6PD Deficiency
Worsens COVID-19 Outcomes
Previous
research has shown that NAC inhibits the expression of proinflammatory
cytokines in cells infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus.
Proinflammatory cytokines also play a crucial role in COVID-19 severity.
Researchers have
confirmed that in severe COVID-19 cases, cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL6),
interleukin-10 (IL10) and TNF-ɑ are all elevated. Once they reach
excessive levels, a so-called cytokine storm develops, causing significant
tissue damage. NAC may be able to inhibit this damaging cascade.
In the
"Therapeutic Blockade of Inflammation in Severe COVID-19 Infection With
Intravenous N-acetylcysteine" paper, the researchers focus on a specific
group of patients, namely those with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
deficiency, which has been shown to facilitate human coronavirus infection due
to the fact that G6PD depletes glutathione.
G6PD
deficiency is a genetic disorder that typically affects males and is
more prevalent among Black men and those from the Mediterranean area, Africa
and Asia. (Women with this genetic anomaly are carriers and can pass it on to
their children but rarely display symptoms.)
G6PD is an enzyme needed for the proper function of red blood cells. It also protects your red blood cells from free radicals in your blood by limiting oxidative stress. When your body doesn't produce enough of this enzyme, hemolytic anemia — a condition in which red blood cells are broken down faster than they are made — can result due to unneutralized oxidative stress from insufficient amounts of NADPH being produced.
As noted in "Therapeutic Blockade of Inflammation in Severe COVID-19 Infection With Intravenous N-acetylcysteine"(source):
"G6PD deficiency may especially predispose to hemolysis upon coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection when employing pro-oxidant therapy. However, glutathione depletion is reversible by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration. We describe a severe case of COVID-19 infection in a G6PD-deficient patient treated with hydroxychloroquine who benefited from intravenous (IV) NAC beyond reversal of hemolysis. NAC blocked hemolysis and elevation of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin and allowed removal from respirator and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and full recovery of the G6PD-deficient patient."
How G6PD
Deficiency Impacts COVID-19 Disease Process
In his lecture,
Seheult goes through the nitty-gritty details of how G6PD influences the
COVID-19 disease process, why a deficiency in this enzyme can worsen outcomes
and how NAC supplementation short-circuits this harmful chain of events.
In summary, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), needs to be converted to water (H2O) as much as possible in your cells to avoid red blood cell hemolysis, i.e., the destruction of red blood cells. As noted by Seheult, there's concern that the drug hydroxychloroquine may increase this process in G6PD-deficient patients, thereby increasing the risk of red blood cell hemolysis. The evidence is not conclusive, however. One 2018 study looking at the incidence of hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patients given hydroxychloroquine concluded the risk may be overblown, as "There were no reported episodes of hemolysis in more than 700 months of HCQ exposure among the 11 G6PDH-deficient patients." The enzyme responsible for the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water is glutathione peroxidase (GPX). GPX does two things simultaneously. While reducing hydrogen peroxide into water, it also converts the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) into glutathione disulfide (GSSG), which is the oxidized form of glutathione. In other words, as GPX turns hydrogen peroxide into harmless water, glutathione becomes oxidized.
To recycle GSSG
back to its reduced form, GSH, you need an enzyme called GSH reductase. The
reducing agent needed for this to occur is NADPH. NADPH is also simultaneously
converted into NADP+. To recycle NADP+ back to NADPH, you need G6PD.
The point here is
this: Patients who have G6PD deficiency will also have lower NADPH, and
therefore won't be able to reduce the GSSG (the oxidated form of glutathione)
to its reduced GSH form. This in turn leads to a buildup of hydrogen peroxide,
resulting in higher levels of hemolysis.
As explained by
Seheult, the two building blocks of glutathione are NAC and the amino acid
glycine. Glycine is fairly abundant, whereas NAC is not, so the theory is that,
if you are G6PD deficient, you may be able to bypass this detrimental spiral by
supplying high levels of NAC. This will allow your body to produce its own
glutathione (GSH).
This theory is
what was investigated in "Therapeutic Blockade of Inflammation in Severe
COVID-19 Infection With Intravenous N-acetylcysteine," and the
answer is yes. When given hydroxychloroquine, the G6PD-deficient patient
developed severe hemolysis, which was successfully reversed by giving
intravenous NAC. In the end, the patient fully recovered.
As for the
dosage, the G6PD-deficient patient was given 30,000 milligrams of intravenous
NAC divided into three doses over 24 hours, after which the patient began
showing immediate improvement in hemolysis indices. About a week later, IV NAC
was restarted at a dose of 600 mg every 12 hours for one week.
NAC Blocks
Inflammation
In addition to that G6PD-deficient patient, NAC was also given to nine other COVID-19 patients who were on respirators but did not have G6PD deficiency. In these patients, "NAC elicited clinical improvement and markedly reduced CRP in all patients and ferritin in 9/10 patients." The authors hypothesize that NAC's mechanism of action "may involve the blockade of viral infection and the ensuing cytokine storm."
That said, they point out that it's difficult to discern whether these anti-inflammatory effects were specific to the use of NAC, as steroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs were sporadically used. Still, they believe NAC does have the ability to reduce inflammation in patients with COVID-19. As explained in the paper:
"We propose that NAC restrains the pro-inflammatory metabolic pathways that control oxidative stress and mTOR-dependent generation of cytokine storm emanating from the immune system … IL-6, the primary cytokine that drives inflammation in COVID-19 infected patients, elicits mitochondrial oxidative stress at complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In turn, this leads to redox-dependent activation of mTORC1. Further downstream, uncontrolled activation of mTORC1 promotes inflammation. NAC inhibits oxidative stress by serving as a cell-permeable amino acid precursor of the main intracellular antioxidant, GSH. Acting outside the cell, NAC may break disulfide bonds within ACE2 that serves as the cellular receptor for COVID-19. NAC may also block COVID-19 binding by disrupting disulfide bind within its receptor-binding domain … Several anti-inflammatory medications have been shown to mitigate the cytokine storm in COVID-19 infection, such as corticosteroids, colchicine, imatinib, and complement C3 inhibitor AMY-101. However, the safety of mTOR blockade stands out based on its propensity to extend overall lifespan. IV NAC has long been used to safely treat patients with acetaminophen overdose, or ARDS [acute respiratory distress syndrome]. NAC was also found to reduce CRP levels in several controlled clinical trials. CRP elevation is a prominent risk factor for disease progression in patients infected with COVID-19."
NAC Also Protects
Against Blood Clots
Importantly, NAC
may also protect against other problems associated with COVID-19, including the
hypercoagulation that can result in stroke and/or blood clots that impair
the ability to exchange oxygen in the lungs.
Many COVID-19
patients experience serious blood clots, and NAC counteracts
hypercoagulation, as it has both anticoagulant and
platelet-inhibiting properties. A 2017 paper also found NAC has
potent thrombolytic effects, meaning it breaks down blood clots once they've
formed.
This is largely thanks to the sulfur in NAC (from cysteine). The sulfur reduces the intrachain disulfide bonds by von Willebrand factors that have polymerized by dissociating the sulfur bonds holding them together, thus contributing to the clot. Once von Willebrand factor sulfur bonds are broken, the clots start to dissolve and the blood vessels open up again allowing for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. According to the authors, "NAC is an effective and safe alternative to currently available antithrombotic agents to restore vessel patency after arterial occlusion." (Restoring vessel patency means the blood vessel is now unobstructed so that blood can flow freely.) Two additional papers, show the same thing.
High-dose intravenous NAC may be expected to play an adjuvant role in the treatment of severe COVID-19 cases and in the control of its lethal complications … including pulmonary and cardiovascular adverse events. ~ FASEB Journal August 11, 2020
Importantly, NAC’s mechanism of action does not appear to increase bleeding disorders like heparin does, so it would likely be a safer alternative to the heparin.
NAC Also Improves
Variety of Lung-Related Problems
Studies have also demonstrated that NAC helps improve a variety of lung-related problems, including pneumonia and ARDS, both of which are common characteristics of COVID-19. For example: Research published in 2018 found NAC reduces oxidative and inflammatory damage in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Another 2018 study found NAC improves post-operative lung function in patients undergoing liver transplantation. A 2017 meta-analysis found a significant reduction in ICU stays among ARDS patients treated with NAC (although there was no significant difference in short-term mortality risk). A 2007 study concluded NAC improves ARDS by "increasing intracellular glutathione and extracellular thiol molecules" along with general antioxidant effects. A 1994 study found NAC enhances recovery from acute lung injury, significantly regressing patients' lung injury score during the first 10 days of treatment, and significantly reducing the need for ventilation. After three days of treatment, only 17% of those receiving NAC needed ventilation, compared to 48% in the placebo group. NAC is also a well-known mucolytic used to help clear mucus out of the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Some studies also suggest NAC can help reduce symptoms of COPD and prevent exacerbation of the condition.
Standard of Care
for COVID-19 Should Include NAC
Considering many COVID-19 cases involve blood clots in addition to excessive oxidative stress, and NAC effectively addresses both, I believe NAC should be included in standard of care for COVID-19.
As noted in "Rationale for the Use of N-acetylcysteine in Both Prevention and Adjuvant Therapy of COVID-19," published August 11, 2020, in the FASEB Journal (source):
"COVID-19 may cause pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular alterations, and multiple organ failure, which have been ascribed to a cytokine storm, a systemic inflammatory response, and an attack by the immune system. Moreover, an oxidative stress imbalance has been demonstrated to occur in COVID-19 patients. N- Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a precursor of reduced glutathione (GSH). Due to its tolerability, this pleiotropic drug has been proposed not only as a mucolytic agent, but also as a preventive/therapeutic agent in a variety of disorders involving GSH depletion and oxidative stress …Thiols block the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 thereby hampering penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into cells. Based on a broad range of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms … the oral administration of NAC is likely to attenuate the risk of developing COVID-19, as it was previously demonstrated for influenza and influenza-like illnesses. Moreover, high-dose intravenous NAC may be expected to play an adjuvant role in the treatment of severe COVID-19 cases and in the control of its lethal complications … including pulmonary and cardiovascular adverse events."
In the same vein,
an even more recent paper, published in the October 2020 issue of
Medical Hypotheses, points out that:
"T cell exhaustion, high viral load, and high levels of TNF-ɑ, IL1β, IL6, IL10 have been associated with severe SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine and antigen overstimulation are potentially responsible for poor humoral response to the virus. Lower cellular redox status, which leads to pro-inflammatory states mediated by TNF-ɑ is also potentially implicated. In vivo, in vitro, and human clinical trials have demonstrated N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an effective method of improving redox status, especially when under oxidative stress. In human clinical trials, NAC has been used to replenish glutathione stores and increase the proliferative response of T cells. NAC has also been shown to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (IL1β and IL18) in vitro, and decrease plasma TNF-ɑ in human clinical trials. Mediation of the viral load could occur through NAC's ability to increase cellular redox status via maximizing the rate limiting step of glutathione synthesis, and thereby potentially decreasing the effects of virally induced oxidative stress and cell death. We hypothesize that NAC could act as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of COVID-19 through a variety of potential mechanisms, including increasing glutathione, improving T cell response, and modulating inflammation."
FDA Cracks Down
on NAC and Wants to Prevent You From Using It:
At present, 19 studies involving NAC for COVID-19 are listed on Clinicaltrials.gov. Ironically, just as we're starting to realize its benefits against this pandemic virus, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is suddenly cracking down on NAC, claiming it is excluded from the definition of a dietary supplement. They point out that NAC was approved as a new drug in 1985, and therefore cannot be marketed as a supplement. This is not reflected in the supplement market, however. As reported by Natural Products Insider, there are at least 1,170 NAC-containing products in the National Institutes of Health's Dietary Supplement Label Database. As of yet, the FDA has not taken action against NAC due to anything related to COVID-19. They’ve primarily targeted companies that market NAC as a remedy for hangovers. Still, members of the Council for Responsible Nutrition have expressed concern that the FDA may end up targeting NAC more widely.
Does NAC Prevent Cytokine Storm in
COVID-19?
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to glutathione. It is an antioxidant and increases glutathione levels in the body (Source). NAC has a long history of use as a first-aid remedy for acetaminophen poisoning. It neutralizes the toxic effects of the drug by recharging glutathione, thereby preventing liver damage.
Summary
NAC is a natural alternative for aspirin and an over-the-counter supplement that has both anticoagulant (source) and thrombolytic effects (source), meaning it may both prevent clots and break up clots that have already formed. Another 2021 paper from China also concluded that NAC inhibits cellular entry and replication of some respiratory viruses, assists in clearing thickened mucous from the airways, suppresses inflammatory signaling, and may help mitigate viral infection-induced cytokine storm. Consider taking around 500 milligrams/day of NAC, as it helps prevent blood clots and is a precursor for your body to produce the important antioxidant glutathione. Glutathione is also one of the natural blood thinners as it is known to reverse the build-up of plaque and lessen the tendency of abnormal blood clots.
NAC: Is this the
one supplement everyone should be taking?
The nutritional supplement N-acetylcysteine is like the Swiss Army knife of supplements. It’s used to treat a wide range of health conditions, including allergies, Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder, bronchitis, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, heart disease, hepatitis, infertility, schizophrenia, and upper respiratory infections. The nutritional supplement N-acetylcysteine is used to treat a wide range of health conditions. Then again, many dietary supplements are believed to have a variety of uses. The big question is whether they actually work. To answer that question, here’s some of the research that supports a few of the many uses of N-acetylcysteine.
Acetaminophen
toxicity
Acetaminophen is widely used and is generally considered safe. But overdosing can happen. In fact, acetaminophen toxicity causes 500 deaths per year, not to mention thousands of emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Acetaminophen toxicity is also the most common cause of liver transplantation in the United States. N-acetylcysteine has been used for years as a reliable antidote to acetaminophen toxicity, administered either intravenously or orally. It’s believed to protect the liver by boosting glutathione levels, which deactivate toxic metabolites. N-acetylcysteine is most effective at reducing liver injury when administered within 8-10 hours of an overdose. This can bring down the rate of liver toxicity to about 3%.
COPD
N-acetylcysteine is already used as a mucolytic for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, N-acetylcysteine is also being investigated as a direct therapy for COPD. In a large, randomized controlled trial published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, researchers showed that N-acetylcysteine 600 mg twice daily prevented acute exacerbations of COPD, particularly in patients with moderate disease. Other studies found that N-acetylcysteine improved pulmonary function and reduced hospital readmissions. A large randomized clinical trial is now underway to determine the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in patients with early-stage COPD.
High blood
pressure
N-acetylcysteine
has been shown to lower blood pressure. In a study reported
in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, a 4-week treatment
of 1.8 g daily N-acetylcysteine in middle-aged men significantly lowered serum
homocysteine—an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The
treatment also significantly decreased both systolic and diastolic blood
pressure in all individuals, with a significant reduction of diastolic blood
pressure in those with hyperlipidemia.
PCOS
There is no
single effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but
N-acetylcysteine may be able to help, according to a study published
in Obstetrics and Gynecology International. In this meta-analysis
of eight randomized clinical trials involving 910 women with PCOS, researchers
found that women who took N-acetylcysteine had higher odds of ovulating,
getting pregnant, and having a live birth compared with those taking placebo. However,
N-acetylcysteine had no effect on rates of miscarriage, menstrual regulation,
acne, hirsutism, body mass index, testosterone, insulin levels, or adverse
events.
NAFLD
Oxidative stress
is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease (NAFLD), so researchers have studied antioxidants for treating
these patients. For instance, a randomized trial of
30 people with NAFLD showed that a 3-month regimen of N-acetylcysteine 600 mg
twice daily lowered levels of ALT (alanine transaminase) and decreased the size
of the spleen compared with participants taking vitamin C.
COVID-19?
N-acetylcysteine is one of the many agents researchers are investigating as a treatment for COVID-19. As noted in the beginning of this section, N-acetylcysteine boosts levels of glutathione, which decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Given this, researchers hypothesized that early administration of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine could be used to combat the cytokine storm that presages acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients. Other researchers have found that N-acetylcysteine has antiviral activity against a number of viruses. They noted that increased levels of glutathione reduce viral load by inhibiting viral replication, notably in H3N2 and H5N1 strains of influenza A. However, this indicates that N-acetylcysteine’s efficacy against viruses depends on the particular strain it faces.
But wait, that’s not
all
Three other important benefits of N-acetylcysteine are that it’s widely available over the counter, it’s inexpensive, and it’s safe and well-tolerated. Although N-acetylcysteine needs large clinical trials to really confirm whether it improves many of these conditions, it continues to be investigated for a myriad of health problems. Some of these include dermatologic conditions, neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer disease and dementia, and psychiatric disorders like obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. It’s also shown some promise in post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders.
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Bromelain
What is Bromelain?
Bromelain, or pineapple extract, is a compound made up of proteases normally found in pineapples. Although it is widely known for its ability to aid in digestion and protein breakdown, its use far transcends these functions and can actually offer a lot more. The good news is that it's available in the market as a supplement and as an aid for disease treatments. The history of bromelain is heavily linked to pineapple because it is the only known major source for this group of enzymes. First discovered in 1891 by chemist Vicente Marcano and then subsequently elaborated by Russell Henry Chittenden, another chemist, bromelain was first called "bromelin," and described as the "proteolytic ferment of pineapple juice." Its first primary source was the pineapple fruit, before it was discovered that the mature pineapple stem had much more concentrated bromelain content. Through the years after its discovery, the production of bromelain has broadened. Its commercialization has led manufacturers into developing faster extraction techniques for large-scale production and purification. Today, bromelain supplements are used for numerous health approaches. These uses have been observed to be dependent on the time when it is taken. For example, if taken after a meal, bromelain may help promote better digestion and absorption, but when taken on an empty stomach, it can help alleviate inflammation (Daily Mail).
Studies have shown bromelain combined with quercetin, produce greater anti-inflammatory benefits than either one used alone. Thus, the combination of bromelain and quercetin is ideal for effectively inhibiting the inflammatory response in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. As a protease enzyme, the primary benefit bromelain has is improving protein absorption. However, bromelain has been widely used to promote healing and assist in the treatment of numerous diseases. For example, if you're suffering from chronic inflammation or from sports injuries, consider taking bromelain supplements to help your body recover. Other bromelain benefits that you'll get from this supplement include:
- Reduces inflammation and swelling — Bromelain may help alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatism. It's also used to help in sprain and strain recovery by reducing swelling and promote tissue healing. For people who are currently on arthritis medications, consider switching to bromelain for a more natural alternative.
- Improves immune function — Studies show that bromelain promotes a healthy immune system by regulating numerous inflammatory proteins during periods of cellular stress.
- Speeds up wound healing — The use of bromelain post-surgery has been observed to promote soft-tissue healing and reduce bruising. Patients who took bromelain also had shorter wound healing time compared to patients who did not.
- Relieves sinusitis symptoms — Sinusitis refers to the inflammation of the inner lining of the sinuses, which is usually caused by infections, nasal problems or allergies. Bromelain is a known supplement for relieving sinusitis symptoms. Together with quercetin, bromelain can help alleviate sinus inflammation, with quercetin functioning as an antihistamine.
- Promotes blood flow — Bromelain helps in promoting healthy blood flow by reducing platelet aggregation in the arteries and lowering the chances of clots forming. This may lower your risk of developing atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.
There are also claims that bromelain can help induce menstruation by softening the uterine lining. The increased blood flow also supposedly helps in the prevention of menstrual cramps. Because of the impressive properties of bromelain, it's not surprising that it's been utilized in treating or reducing the severity of disease symptoms. While it is usually prescribed or recommended for patients who have undergone surgery or people suffering from chronic sinusitis, bromelain can also be used in other ways. These include:
- Topical application for burns — Studies suggest that bromelain can help remove dead skin cells from third degree burns and assist in burn healing in first and second degree burns. For severe burns, do not apply any bromelain ointment without a physician's supervision.
- Indigestion and heartburn — Taking bromelain has been known to assist in easing indigestion and bloating, especially when taken with other supplemental enzymes.
- Soothing balm for insect bites and stings — Applying bromelain directly to insect bites and stings may lessen inflammation and discomfort.
- Meat tenderiser — Pineapple has been used in cooking to soften meats. Today, bromelain is sold in powder form as a meat tenderizer and is usually combined with papain, an enzyme found in the papaya plant. In fact, bromelain is such a strong meat tenderizer that chefs and cooks claim it can turn meat into mush if left marinated for longer periods of time.
Quercetin with Bromelain Benefits for COVID-19
Quercetin was initially found to provide broad-spectrum protection against SARS coronavirus in the aftermath of the SARS epidemic that broke out across 26 countries in 2003. Now, some doctors are advocating its use against SARS-CoV-2, in combination with Bromelain and vitamin C.
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Green Tea Extract - EGCG (EpiGalloCatechin Gallate)
EGCG is a powerful plant compound and immune nutrient primarily found in green tea. The beauty of green tea is that it also contains quercetin, another zinc ionophore. Both are known for its many health benefits. EGCG is rich in polyphenols and antioxidants. It may help to lower oxidative stress, decrease inflammation, improve heart health, support brain health, aid weight loss and help you live longer. EGCG also acts as a zinc ionophore (PubMed 2014), the same mechanism of action that hydroxychloroquine has via helping zinc pass the cell wall and get into cells where it might halt viral replication. Conversely, zinc helps to make EGCG more bioavailable, meaning the two nutrients work hand in hand to enhance each other’s therapeutic potential. An Indian study found that EGCG has the ability to target numerous key structures inside the virus, disabling its functional capacity.
“EGCG showed a very high binding affinity and a low inhibition constant among all the phytoconstituents screened, especially in the case of 6vw1, which is a potential target of SARS-CoV-2,” the paper found.
“EGCG exhibited better binding with the viral proteins and hence, is expected to show better antiviral activity than the reference drugs, remdesivir and chloroquine,” it added.
It is important to remember, though, that by itself, EGCG is both unstable and bio-unavailable unless coupled with nutrients like zinc that studies show help to maximize its transport into cells. A computer-model molecular docking study published in Biological and Medicinal Chemistry revealed that the bioactive compounds nigellidine and α-hederin found in black seed oil were able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 with a greater potential than favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Evidence from a second paper that reviewed the biological effects of the active compounds in black seed oil suggested that thymoquinone may block ACE2 receptors, which is where the SARS-CoV-2 binds to the cell and releases the viral RNA into the cytoplasm.
The body uses zinc in several pathways to support the immune system, including (ScienceDirect):
- Proliferation
and activation of natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and T
and B cells
- Mediating
protection against reactive oxygen species produced during an inflammatory
response
- Stopping
recombinant RNA dependent RNA polymerase activity needed to replicate
SARS-CoV-2
- Inhibiting
replicase processing
Therefore, moving zinc into the cytoplasm is crucial to help prevent the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and thus effectively stop infected cells from infecting other cells. Oral supplementation of zinc alone is not sufficiently effective since zinc cannot move easily across the cell wall. It needs another compound to provide transportation. The second compound is called a zinc ionophore. The application of zinc with an ionophore has demonstrated improved outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID. Research has identified several zinc ionophores, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quercetin and EGCG. Scientists have suggested that several of the terpenes in black seed oil, such as nigellimine, are similar in structure to chloroquine. They hypothesize that this may mean they can function in a similar manner as a zinc ionophore. Thus, recent data have shown that the active ingredients found in black seed oil may have greater potential in the treatment of COVID-19 than antiviral drugs, may act as a zinc ionophore and may help block the ACE2 receptors the virus uses to infect cells.
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Chlorine Dioxide (CDS) Effectiveness In Preventing Covid-19
ClO2 is extremely soluble in water and does not create chemical bonds. It can be used to safely and
effectively to purify water while completely deactivating viruses, bacteria, fungi, and some parasites. It even neutralizes many toxins, pesticides, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals that contaminate drinking water. Alcide, a patented ClO2, is used for treating wound disinfection, donated human blood, and blood component disinfection, an oral rinse for prevention and treatment of infection, formulations for anti-inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, fungal infections, eczema, dandruff, acne, genital herpes, and leg ulcers. Other products included topical applications for preventing and treating bacterial infections. Also under development were systemic anti-inflammatory formulations and methods for reducing inflammation in tissues such as the bowel muscle, bone, tendon and joints.
• AntiViral
• AntiBacterial
•
AntiParasitic
• AntiFungal
•
Anti-Dandruff
• Antilnflammatory
•
Treats Candida
•
Sanitizer
• Food Disinfectant
Source: Trilogy.pdf (despertaralaconciencia.com)
In the study above, the efficacy of CDS in preventing covid19-like symptoms was 90.4% (1,051 of 1,163 relatives did not report any symptoms). Aqueous solutions of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) have antimicrobial potential due to the denaturation of the viral capsids’ specific proteins (Kály-Kullai et al. 2020). For example, ClO2 was shown to have the ability to inactivate Influenza Virus caused by oxidating tryptophan 153 residue in the receptor-binding site (Ogata 2012). Considering SARS-CoV-2 spike protein composition (12 tryptophan, 54 tyrosine, and 40 cysteine residues), it can be assumed that ClO2 also has the potential to inactivate this virus (Insignares-Carrione, Bolano Gómez, and Ludwig Kalcker 2020). There are a lot of unique properties that make ClO2 an ideal, nonspecific antimicrobial: It has been demonstrated that ClO2 is a size-selective antimicrobial agent that can neutralize microorganisms rapidly (Noszticzius et al. 2013). Furthermore, it can be used in animals and humans without adverse effects in proper concentrations because of its incapability to penetrate the tissues (Kály-Kullai et al. 2020; Noszticzius et al. 2013).
Study Dosage: Relatives were informed to keep the CDS in the refrigerator (between 4-10 °C) and stored in closed amber jars. Relatives began the oral prophylactic management in daily doses (0.3 mg/kg) of 0.0003% Chlorine Dioxide aqueous Solution (CDS, 10 ml of ClO2 at 3000 ppm in 1000 ml of water), divided into ten intakes of 100 ml/hour. This dose had been reported as adequate for human use (Lubbers and Bianchine 1984; Lubbers, Chauhan, and Bianchine 1981; Smith and Willhite 1990); additionally, is ten times below the “No Observed Adverse Effect Level” (NOAEL), almost 20 times below the “Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level” (LOAEL), and nearly 300 times below the lethal dose 50 (LD50; Insignares-Carrione et al., 2020; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). Due to Mexico’s regulations during the pandemic, relatives stayed at home for at least 14 days or offset symptoms of the sick patient. Medical records show a daily follow-up for a minimum of 20 days of each relative.
Source: Trilogy.pdf (despertaralaconciencia.com)
Here is my recommended CDS dosage procedure from my vaccine detox protocol:
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Zeolite Clinoptilolite Powder
Zeolite is a silica-based volcanic ash (sand-like mineral) that forms over time. Zeolite is an alkaline mineral that is very porous and has a negative charge. Since most toxins, such as heavy metals, radiation, and pesticides, are positively charged, zeolite is pulled to the toxins, like a magnet, and sucks them up into its structure.These dangerous substances become trapped in zeolite’s cage structure, and are then safely and gently carried out of the body.
Heavy Metals- Heavy metals are toxic metals that accumulate in our bodies over time and put an enormous burden on our immune and nervous systems, and make our bodies work overtime to stay healthy. Eventually our bodies lose the ability to keep up with the excess demand and symptoms such as chronic fatigue, brain fog, irritability, and a host of other symptoms and conditions can manifest. Zeolite can target hidden metals such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic among other in your body and trap them in its cage-like structure for safe removal. Once the heavy metal burden is lifted your body can start functionally at its peak potential again.
Environmental Toxins- In the 21st century we face an unprecedented number of toxic stressors in our daily lives. From the air you breathe, to the food you eat - toxins are everywhere. Over time these toxins accumulate in your body wreaking havoc on your health. Fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, a weakened immune system, and countless health issues are common side effects when these toxins build up. Since these toxins have a positive charge most of them will fall victim to zeolites strong binding capacity for safe removal from the body.
Mold- Mold toxicity is increasingly becoming recognized as a serious problem and a player in a number of serious chronic conditions. Even if you are not currently exposed to mold in your home or workplace it is possible that mold from a previous exposure is multiplying in your body. Mold spores can linger and continue replicating in your body for years even in the absence of external mold exposure. Zeolite is an incredible detoxifier of mold and is a must have in any mold detox protocol.
Radioactive Materials- After being exposed to ionizing radiation, radioactive materials are left in your body and will stick around for years if you don't take action to remove them. Chances are you've got a fair amount of radioactive materials hanging around in your body which have accumulated over the years from CT scans, Mammograms, X-Rays, naturally occurring radiation like radon, medical radiation procedures, nuclear fallout, etc. Zeolite is a fantastic tool to help remove leftover radiation from your body.
Microbial Pathogens- Zeolite can bind to number of pathogenic microbes including Candida and a host of viruses. Zeolite has antiviral properties due to its potential ability to absorb viral particles. A study conducted to evaluate the antiviral properties of micronized clinoptilolite zeolite (what we use in ZeoBoost™) showed promise that zeolite can be used to inhibit viral replication. The study stated that the antiviral effect of the zeolite seems to be non-specific and is more likely based on the incorporation of viral particles into pores of zeolite aggregates than ion exchange properties of clinoptilolite. This means that zeolite may be effective against a whole host of viruses, not just the viruses used in the study. It is interesting to note that the low dose of zeolite in the study "induced a very low antiviral effect or the antiviral was not observed at all" but the high dose "induced a significant inhibitory effect upon viral proliferation." This supports the views I have shared on previous blog posts and will cover later on this page about the importance of proper zeolite dosing.Negatively-charged Zeolite works like a magnet, trapping positively-charged toxins such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium and many more, and carries them out of the body within hours and since the Spike Proteins are positively charged it’s believed they could be removed as well. I posted the podcast below and also a link to where you can purchase this amazing product as well.
•
AntiOxidant
•
AntiCoagulant
•
AntiFungal
•
ProBiotic
•
Heavy metal detox
•
Mood Stabiliser
•
Hangover reduction
•
Anti depressant
•
Antilnflammatory
•
Skin Health
•
Oral Hygiene
• Liver Detox
Zeolite Clinoptilolite helps remove heavy metals and positively-charged toxins and Volatile Organic Compounds including:
• Aluminum
• Lead
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Arsenic
• Radioactive
Metals
• Nitrosamines
• Bisphenol-A
• Toulene
• Benzene
• Pesticides
• Herbicides
Watch this video - The presenter, Anna, shows a video from a pro-vaccine researcher, who discusses peer reviewed studies that explain where the Spike Proteins from the vaccine accumulate in the human body. Anna then explains that because Spike Proteins and toxins are positively charged… negatively charged Zeolite, which scavenges for positively charged toxins (a peer reviewed process), could help combat the spike proteins from both the vaccine and possible shedding!
Podcast: https://www.bitchute.com/video/nbLrI7FruSzQ/
Like pathogen bacteria, viruses are also extremely harmful to living organisms as they reduce the cell ability for self-reproduction and induce cell death. Some viruses target specific tissues and organs in the organism, causing local infections such as throat pain, i.e., adenoviruses, or may cause general infections i.e., the flu virus. Not much research has been conducted to study the zeolite effect on viruses, but the results presented so far in the scientific literature are interesting. Zeolites have, indeed, shown to prevent a multiplication of the virus in some cases and to prevent a viral infection. For example, a modified zeolite exchanged with Ag/Cu metal ions has shown antiviral effects on the human coronavirus 229E, the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and the feline calicivirus strain F-9. A zeolite containing Ag/Cu caused a significant inhibition of the 229E virus. The Ag/Cu zeolite also reduced titers of all three tested viruses (Bright et al., 2009). Still, the observed antiviral effect in this study may be attributed to the metal silver or copper cations that have an antimicrobial effect per se as well (Mori et al., 2013; Vincent et al., 2018). However, in another in vitro set-up, the clinoptilolite efficiently inhibited viral proliferation, witnessed by a reduction of the cytopathic effect in the tested cell cultures, of herpes simplex (HSV 1), coxackievirus B5, and echovirus 7, as well as to a lesser extent of adenovirus. This effect was postulated by authors to be a non-specific one and to be the consequence of a physical adhesion of viral particles to the zeolite surface. The observed viral proliferation inhibitory effect was dose-dependent (Grce and Pavelić, 2005). Accordingly, the zeolite may have some applications in the antiviral interventions either as a carrier of antiviral metal cations or in applications where a direct contact between viral particles and zeolite materials may occur. For example, herpes virus skin lesions may be treated with zeolite-base products. In addition, enterovirus or adenovirus intestinal infections may be targeted by zeolite-based oral therapies. Antimicrobial properties of zeolites are mainly attributed to the slow release of antimicrobial cations, for example, Zn2+, Ag+ and Cu2+ from the zeolite lattice either from the preloaded natural material or modified natural materials exchanged with the desired cations. The zeolite antimicrobial properties are used for disinfection of water. Biosand zeolite silver-impregnated clay granular filters were successfully employed in control of biofilm formation on the surface of household water storage containers. Natural zeolite reduces Acinetobacter baumanni virulence and may find applications in the prevention of the biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, such as plastic and glass surfaces in hospitals. The zeolite anti-inflammatory properties make them interesting for applications in chronic intestinal diseases or skin inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis. Clinoptilolite efficiently inhibited viral proliferation in vitro, witnessed by a reduction of the cytopathic effect in the tested cell cultures, of herpes simplex (HSV 1), coxackievirus B5, and echovirus.
Zeolite also has many anti-microbial effects.
Zeolite has
antibacterial properties against:
- Clostridium difficile
- Escherichia coli
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas arsenicoxydans
- Salmonella pullorum
- Staphylococcus aureus (both methicillin-sensitive & methicillin-resistant)
- Streptococcus gordonii
Zeolite has antifungal properties against Candida albicans.
Zeolite has
antiviral effects against:
- Bacteriophage MS2 - can infect E. Coli
- Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)
Zeolite can stop the growth of certain parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica.
Zeolite & Viral Infections 🦠:
Zeolite is a fantastic option to consider when putting together an anti-viral protocol or looking for an effective way to keep your immune system balanced. Let's look at two ways that zeolite can help your body fight off a virus:
One: Remove toxic elements that are burdening your immune system.
Viruses are opportunistic, meaning they need an opportunity to take over a host. The main “opportunity” that a virus needs to take over is a weakened immune system which can be caused by a number of factors including an increased toxic burden. Metals, environmental toxicants, molds, & radioactive materials are a few of the immune-draining toxic elements that many of us have picked up over the years & are harboring in our bodies. Zeolite can absorb many of these toxic elements & remove them from your body, freeing your immune system to focus its energy on other issues such as viral invaders. Consider a computer virus…it has no power over a computer with a strong anti-virus program. As long as its defense system is strong it has nothing to worry about. The virus has no opportunity to cause damage. Now let’s consider the human body… A human body with a strong defense system has nothing to worry about. Zeolite helps remove immune-drainers allowing your natural defense system to shift its focus to viral invaders.
Two: Directly Interfere with Viral Replication.
Not only can
zeolite lighten the load for your immune system, it can also directly address
viral infections. The theory is that zeolite absorbs viral particles into the
pores of the micronized zeolite aggregates. This explains why zeolite seems to
block the development of many viral infections. Zeolite has antiviral
properties due to its potential ability to absorb viral particles. A study
conducted to evaluate the antiviral properties of micronized clinoptilolite
zeolite (ZeoBoost™) showed promise that zeolite can be used to inhibit viral
replication. The study stated that the antiviral effect of the zeolite seems to
be non-specific & is more likely based on the incorporation of viral
particles into pores of zeolite aggregates than ion exchange properties of
clinoptilolite. This means that zeolite may be effective against a whole host
of viruses, not just the viruses used in the study.
Mineral Alternatives To Antibiotics
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Natural Alternatives to Hydroxychloroquine
In the event that you simply cannot get hydroxychloroquine, there are viable natural alternatives. Although hydroxychloroquine is a relatively safe drug, it's still a synthetic chemical that can have side effects. Nutrients are natural alternatives that will benefit your body for optimal health. Nutrients and supplements are safer alternatives especially if your risk is low e.g. age below 50 and no other chronic illness. Discuss with your doctor on the benefit vs risk for each treatment. If you are on multiple medications, be aware of supplement-drug interactions that might enhance the possibilities of adverse effects. The important key takeaway is that you should never attempt to self-medicate without the guidance of a licensed medical provider. If you are not a medical doctor, you are likely to find the below information overwhelming. The aim of this article is to empower you with a better understanding of the options available and to discuss the options with your medical doctor as an informed patient.
That said, here are some of the substitutes for hydroxychloroquine that, in some parts of the country, will be easier to buy whenever we want them:
- Quercetin
- EGCG (Green Tea Extract)
- Black Seed Oil (Nigella Sativa)
Quercetin, Hydroxychloroquine, green tea extract, Zinc and black seed oil are among the handful of COVID-19 treatments that are being studied as potential candidates that might influence the outcome in the prevention and management of COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine, Quercetin and EGCG (EpiGalloCatechin Gallate) are all zinc ionophores. Meaning they all transport zinc into the cells. We will dive deeper into the science for each of the above treatment and supplement.
How to Make Homemade Hydroxychloroquine:
- Use the peelings
of 3 grapefruits and 5 lemons (best to be all organic)
- Bring to a boil
2 liters of the cleanest water
- Add in peelings
and continue to low boil for 3 hours (put lid on pot to prevent water
vaporizing away)
- Remove and let
cool
- Pour into a
glass mason jar and refrigerate
- Take 2 tbsp daily first thing in the morning on an empty stomach
Benefits…
- Boosts immune
system
- Helps clear congestion,
breathing, colds, flu, aches, pains, bacteria, viruses and more…
- Adds to overall feeling of wellness
Note…
These peelings
contain the natural active ingredient of hydroxychloroquine called quinine.
If you are using alkaline water do NOT boil in a metal pot as the alkaline molecule is very friendly and metal molecules like to adhere to them. So use a glass pot. Otherwise use the best clean water available to you and boil in a stainless steel pot. NEVER use aluminum cookware as it contaminates by leeching aluminum into the product you are making.
***Disclaimer: Do not take supplements without consulting your doctor. The information on this website is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. It is intended as a sharing of knowledge and information from the research and experience of third party sites. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition, consult your health care professional before using products based on this content***
Email Address: rx@zinglepathy.com
Blog: www.Zinglepathy.com
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